Photon-efficient readout of optical cavity arrays via spatial heterodyne

Abstract

Optical cavity arrays are an emerging tool for efficiently interfacing optical photons to quantum emitters for applications such as quantum computing. In this work, we demonstrate a metrology technique for such cavity arrays by interfering cavity array outputs against a tilted reference beam on a camera, constituting a spatial heterodyne. Both the amplitude and phase of each cavity's transmitted field can be extracted from the resulting images. Enabled by the improved scaling of heterodyne detection over intensity detection in the presence of technical noise, we demonstrate signal-to-noise ratio greater than one down to the single detected photon level, even in the presence of hundreds of noise equivalent photons. This readout technique holds promise for fast, non-destructive imaging of atomic qubits in cavity arrays by requiring fewer scattered photons while allowing the use of fast cameras with higher electronic readout noise.