Quantum simultaneous decoding via pretty-good measurements of tilted states

Abstract

A multiple-access channel transmits messages from several senders to one receiver. For quantum outputs, the receiver must distinguish states depending on all messages, while tests for different decoding errors may not commute. In this paper, we give a self-contained account of simultaneous decoding, in which one joint measurement recovers the messages at the established achievable rates using independent codebooks. The proof combines Sen's tilted-subspace method with Cheng's analysis of the pretty-good measurement, a standard measurement for distinguishing quantum states. Auxiliary labels close to a common reference state separate the geometric directions associated with different errors. A Gram-matrix bound then allows separately chosen binary tests to certify the performance of one measurement. The labels are removed from the completed decoder, leading to a deterministic packing theorem that applies to finite state ensembles, including unequal priors. We develop the two-sender case first, with worked examples and figures, before treating any fixed number of senders. Sharper finite-error guarantees for the same decoder are developed separately, with sharp bounds for two specified steps of the analysis rather than a claim of globally optimal decoding. Applications recover known achievable rates for unassisted and entanglement-assisted classical communication, distributed classical compression with quantum side information, and coherent-state communication through a beamsplitter or passive multiport device. The common proof makes the geometric mechanism and its quantitative consequences available without repeating the construction for each application.