A No-Go Theorem for Nonspherical Bounces with a Single Negative Mode

Abstract

False vacuum decay is conventionally described by a spherically symmetric bounce with a single negative fluctuation mode. This raises a fundamental question: can the single negative mode requirement itself enforce spherical symmetry, independently of action minimization? For a single real scalar field with a smooth potential in flat spacetime, we rigorously prove that every localized nonspherical saddle with zero initial velocity has at least three negative modes. Additional reflection symmetries further tighten these bounds, as illustrated in a sextic scalar model. Our findings exclude nonspherical bounce candidates with a single negative mode, providing a complementary spectral foundation for the spherical bounce description of false vacuum decay.