Can $^{225}$Ac be imaged on a long axial field-of-view PET/CT with standard clinical settings?

Abstract

Purpose: The $^{225}$Ac decay chain includes $^{209}$Tl, whose prominent 1567 keV gamma line can create electron-positron pairs. We investigated whether a long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT can image $^{225}$Ac using standard clinical acquisition and reconstruction methods. Methods: A syringe placed next to a vial (5.89 and 10.29 MBq of $^{225}$Ac activity) and a NEMA IEC body phantom (sphere activity concentration 4.56 kBq mL$^{-1}$) were scanned for 45 and 60 min, respectively, on a Biograph Vision Quadra (Siemens Healthineers). To support our findings, FLUKA simulations scored the annihilation locations around a $^{225}$Ac point source. Results: The contours of the syringe and vial were visible despite high noise, but the NEMA spheres could not be distinguished from the background. As illustrated by the FLUKA simulations, the number of annihilation events decreases exponentially according to the mean free path of the 1567 keV photon in the surrounding medium. Conclusion: A LAFOV PET/CT can detect positrons created by pair production of the main $^{209}$Tl gamma line. However, these positrons are created where the photons interact with the surrounding medium rather than at the location of the $^{209}$Tl decays, which rules out standard PET imaging of $^{225}$Ac.