Understanding the Mpemba Effect through a Rule of Thumb

Abstract

In the Mpemba effect, a system prepared farther from equilibrium relaxes faster than one prepared closer to it. Its persistence across diverse systems, and under different dynamics of the same system, suggests that it is largely rooted in equilibrium properties, with the dynamics deciding only which mode relaxes slowest. Here we propose a simple rule of thumb for anticipating the Mpemba effect: the effect is expected when a single low-order equilibrium moment is nonmonotonic in temperature. The bath singles out this moment as the slowest to relax, so that its displacement from its bath value sets the amplitude of the slowest relaxation mode. We establish this relation exactly for low-dimensional Ornstein--Uhlenbeck processes. We then extend the rule to mean-field models by approximating their relaxation near the final equilibrium state by an Ornstein--Uhlenbeck process. For the mean-field Ising antiferromagnet, which we solve exactly in the thermodynamic limit, this approximation reproduces the main structure of the Mpemba phase diagram, including strong effects far from any phase transition. Finally, we give a general prescription for mean-field systems: identify the slowest symmetry-allowed moment of the normal coordinates at the bath, and follow its equilibrium value as a function of preparation temperature. This offers a practical route from equilibrium observables to anomalous relaxation without diagonalizing the dynamics.