Landau quantization of $C_3$ high-fold fermions in honeycomb lattices

Abstract

We present the theory of the Landau levels of $C_3$ high-fold fermions in honeycomb lattices. These fermions arise as a generalization of the tight-binding model in a honeycomb lattice with one orbital per site, known to describe graphene, to a family of models with several orbitals per site transforming according to representations of $C_3$, relevant for triangulene two-dimensional crystals. The models are defined by the number of orbitals $n_a$ and $n_b$ at the $a$ and $b$ sites of the unit cell. They feature energy bands that combine flat bands and Dirac cones, that are isomorphic to those of graphene, the Lieb, $p_{xy}$ honeycomb, and the Kagome tight-binding models. Combining tight-binding and $k\cdot p$ methods, here we compute the Landau levels of the $(1,1)$, $(1,2)$, $(2,2)$ and $(3,3)$ models, we compare them to those of the reference models, and we explore the similarities and differences with the Landau levels in graphene. Our findings reveal that the nature of $C_3$ high-fold fermions combine Dirac-type Landau quantization, originating from the linear crossings and associated relativistic band dispersion, with anomalous Landau quantization rooted in the quantum geometry of the singular flat bands.