Popularity-driven interactions in multilayer bounded-confidence opinion dynamics

Abstract

Social media users interact with their own social networks but also with platform-wide content, where a small number of highly popular users may receive a disproportionate share of attention. In this paper, we study how those interactions outside the social networks and user popularity regulate the formation of opinion clusters. We design a bounded-confidence opinion dynamics model on a multilayer network consisting of a social network coupled to a fully connected explore layer of potential interaction contacts. We show that uniform sampling on the explore layer increases mixing across social neighbourhoods and reduces opinion diversity while also weakening the influence of the underlying social network. We then introduce a popularity-driven interaction mechanism in which contact selection is biased by a time-evolving popularity score, so that frequently selected users become increasingly likely to be re-selected. The resulting concentration of explore-layer interactions on a small number of highly popular users reduces the homogenising effect of the explore layer, increasing opinion diversity. The resulting changes relative to a single-layer system depend on the underlying social network structure. As the popularity inequality increases, a small number of highly popular users can act as opinion attractors and sustain polarisation in regimes where the corresponding model without popularity heterogeneity converges to consensus.