On the $d$-invariants of Brieskorn spheres and $\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$

Abstract

We study the $d$-invariant from Heegaard Floer homology for Brieskorn spheres $Σ(p,q,r)$. Using surgeries on two singular fibers, we establish new relations of the $d$-invariants among various Brieskorn spheres. For $p=2$, we show that $d$ never vanishes if $q/r$ lies in certain intervals on the rational line. Altogether, we completely classify Brieskorn spheres $Σ(2,q,r)$ with $d=0$. The zero set is expressed using submonoids of $\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$ and the Stern--Brocot tree. As an application, we prove that most Brieskorn spheres $Σ(2,q,r)$ do not bound a rational homology $4$-ball.