Self-Referenced Diagnosis of SPAD Dark-Count-Rate Switching for Quantum Communication Receivers

Abstract

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are essential components of quantum communication receivers. In practical systems, some SPADs exhibit intrinsic step-like changes in dark-count rate (DCR), commonly referred to as random telegraph signal (RTS) noise. Similar RTS-like variations, however, can also arise from stray light, temperature-dependent threshold crossings, cable disturbances, electrical interference, and other readout artifacts. Distinguishing intrinsic RTS from these artifacts is important because they originate from different mechanisms and require different corrective actions. We present a self-referenced diagnostic that primarily uses the low-to-high afterpulse-yield ratio R, together with complementary checks based on DCR-state reproducibility, cross-channel behavior, and event timing. Four commercial SPAD modules were monitored in darkness for more than 920 h. Three exhibited intrinsic DCR switching of 44.59%, 19.33%, and 2.77%, with corresponding R values of $0.9996\pm0.0027$, $1.0050\pm0.0023$, and $1.0027\pm0.0043$, all consistent with unity. Controlled experiments reproduced temperature-related threshold crossings, light leakage, cable-contact artifacts, and artificial electrical injection. These artifacts produced distinct correlation and timing signatures: temperature-related threshold crossings gave intermediate pair-survival responses, cable disturbances and electrical injection generated sub-dead-time events, while light leakage produced simultaneous cross-channel switching and nonreproducible DCR levels. Combining R with orthogonal timing and DCR-based checks provides a practical self-referenced diagnostic framework for distinguishing intrinsic RTS from non-intrinsic artifacts using primarily time-tagged dark-count data.