Scalar--photon coupling in cosmology: Radiation evolution, recombination, and CMB signatures

Abstract

Interactions between a cosmological scalar field and radiation can modify the pre-recombination expansion history and leave observable signatures in cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies. We investigate an effective scalar-photon-fluid coupling, deriving the coupled background and linear perturbation equations and leading-order adiabatic initial conditions for a canonical scalar field with an exponential potential. Starting from a radiation-era scaling solution, we implement the dynamical interaction in CLASS and compute the resulting recombination history, CMB anisotropies, and linear matter power spectrum. Photon thermodynamics and collisions are treated phenomenologically, assuming preservation of a Planckian spectrum. We assess observational compatibility using conditional Planck 2018 temperature, polarization, and lensing likelihoods, holding the six standard cosmological parameters fixed while profiling the calibration parameter $A_{\rm Planck}$. The interaction produces scale-dependent modifications to CMB and matter spectra, but the conditional likelihood remains shallow at weak coupling. The best sampled interacting point, $(ε_i,σ)=(4\times10^{-5},0.10)$, is slightly disfavored relative to the matched interaction-off $Λ$CDM reference ($Δχ^2\simeq+0.30$). These results establish phenomenological cosmological signatures without demonstrating an observational preference for the interaction. Definitive constraints require further validation of photon thermalization, collision dynamics, and photon-density normalization.