On the Role of Gravity in Supercooled Phase Transitions

Abstract

Theories with radiative mass generation and radiative symmetry breaking (RSB) lead to first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) and the production of gravitational waves (GWs) as well as primordial black holes if supercooling lasts long enough. Here we investigate the role of gravity in supercooled FOPTs that occur in the RSB scenario. We use a model-independent approach that is valid when a quantity (which we explicitly determine and is computable once the model is specified) is small enough. Eventually, the curvature of spacetime becomes relevant if the FOPT does not complete in the case in which gravity is ignored. We also include the effect on the FOPT of the non-minimal couplings with coefficients of zero mass dimension. Depending on such non-minimal couplings, gravity can enhance or reduce the region of parameter space where the phase transition completes. Observable consequences of the role of gravity on the FOPT that can be probed by current and future GW detectors are then worked out and we explore the possibility that the background of GWs detected by pulsar timing arrays is produced by FOPTs in the RSB scenario. We also estimate the number of e-folds that elapse when the field playing the role of the order parameter is trapped in the false vacuum, which provides important information for cosmology.