Quantum Popcorn: the shape of a phase transition bubble

Abstract

A quantum tunneling event in field theory is usually depicted as the materialization of a spherical bubble of true vacuum. The bubble appears at rest, and its profile is the time-symmetric slice of Coleman's bounce, the Euclidean solution that controls the decay rate. However, the bubble is spherical only in the leading semiclassical approximation: at the next order the configuration is a Gaussian ensemble of fluctuations around the bounce. We derive the wave functional of the field on the nucleation slice from the half-bounce path integral, and use it to compute the root-mean-square quadrupole moment of a bubble at nucleation. The relative deformation of the bubble wall radius $R$ is $δR/R\sim(\hbar/S_b)^{1/2}$, with $S_b$ the bounce action. Thus $δR/R\sim0.1$ for a typical cosmological phase transition with $S_b/\hbar\sim100$.