On the Time-Domain Waveforms Leading to Frequency Comb Spectra

Abstract

Frequency-comb spectra can arise from distinct time-domain waveforms. We develop a Fourier-based framework that relates waveform symmetry, regularity, and modulation to the structure of overtone- and sideband frequency combs. Analytical derivations show that symmetry determines the allowed harmonic orders, while waveform regularity governs spectral decay: discontinuities produce $n^{-1}$ scaling, derivative discontinuities yield $n^{-2}$ scaling, and smooth nonlinear mappings can produce rapidly decaying harmonics. For modulated carriers, we distinguish consecutive sidebands, symmetry-induced missing orders, and nonuniformly spaced frequency components. In particular, spectral sparsity does not necessarily imply a nonuniform frequency lattice. Comparisons of analytical coefficients with calculated time-domain signals and Fourier spectra establish the correspondence between waveform properties and spectral signatures. The results provide a mathematical basis for interpreting frequency-comb structures while identifying the limitations of magnitude-only spectra in determining their underlying physical mechanisms.