All-to-All Connectivity in Superconducting Qubits via Metamaterial-Mediated Interactions

Abstract

We show that encoding superconducting qubits as dual-rail or spin-locked transmons lets a metamaterial waveguide couple them all-to-all while suppressing the spurious entanglement that burdens shared-mode architectures, a step toward the non-local connectivity that quantum low-density parity-check codes require. In a bare-transmon architecture, the dispersive coupling between each populated mode and every idle qubit attached to it entangles spectators with the gate, and cancelling it by dynamical decoupling lengthens every gate. The encoding suppresses this coupling at the hardware level, from second to fourth order in the inverse qubit--mode detuning. A two-tone cross-resonance drive then generates a Mølmer-Sørensen interaction between encoded qubits, which we use for an entangling gate and a joint parity measurement, both selective and parallelizable through different modes. Simulating two dual-rail transmons sharing three resonators with a mode lifetime of $30\,μ$s, we find that heralding transmon relaxation as erasure leaves a gate infidelity of $1.4\times10^{-3}$ at $152$~ns, dominated by photon loss. Photon loss and mode crowding together bound the array size. The gate duration must exceed the inverse mode spacing, which shrinks as the array lengthens, while photon loss grows with gate duration. This bound grows linearly with the mode lifetime and with the inter-resonator coupling; at a lifetime of $150\,μ$s, five times the simulated value, and a coupling of $80$~MHz, a $10^{-3}$ error budget admits $13$ qubits on $25$ resonators.