The MZ-property for three-term differences

Abstract

We study the Marcinkiewicz--Zygmund property for finite differences. A difference \[ D(f,h)=\sum_{k=1}^n a_k f(b_kh) \] is said to have the MZ-property if, for every measurable function $f$, \[ D(f,h)=o(h) \quad\text{and}\quad f(h)=o(1) \] imply \[ f(h)=o(h). \] In this paper, we characterize all three-node differences \[ D(f,h)=af(qh)+bf(rh)+cf(sh) \] having the MZ-property. In particular, for irrational differences with distinct nodes, we obtain explicit necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the coefficients $a,b,c$ and the nodes $q,r,s$. As an application, our results resolve an open problem concerning a second-order Riemann difference.