Gravitational dynamics and backward ray-traced shadows of bumblebee AdS black holes

Abstract

We investigate the total observed frequency shift of photons emitted by massive geodesic particles in circular orbits near the event horizon of bumblebee AdS black holes. The cosmological effects of the bumblebee field are investigated through dynamical equations governing the evolution and characteristic features of the Universe. In addition, the bumblebee field generates cosmological anisotropies by acting as a source of anisotropy and selecting a preferred spatial direction. We formulate the characteristic equations for the innermost stable circular orbit using the effective potential approach. Further analysis is devoted to establishing a functional relationship between the BH mass and the observed redshift and blueshift of photons emitted from the accretion disk. Finally, we study the shadow cast by the bumblebee AdS BH using the backward ray tracing process implemented in the Arcmancer code, where photon geodesics are initialized at the observers location and integrated backward in time to generate BH images, typically illuminated by electromagnetic radiation from nearby accretion flows.