Polarization instability of unpolarized excited states in trapped two-component Bose--Einstein condensates

Abstract

A binary Bose--Einstein condensate in an elongated trap supports unpolarized excited states, in which both components share the same spatial profile. Within mean-field theory we show that the interspecies repulsion at which these states demix rises with the excitation level. Since each component keeps its atom number, the components separate by moving in opposite directions in the trap, and demixing sets in when the interaction energy released by the separation balances its cost in kinetic and trap energy. We show that the threshold also marks the onset of an exponential, non-oscillating growth of the separation, which divides the cloud into domains of opposite polarization, with walls at the density nodes and further walls interlaced with them. In the Thomas--Fermi regime of a quasi-one-dimensional condensate the rise of the threshold follows power laws in the ratio of the trap oscillator energy to the chemical potential. The trap raises the ground-state threshold, in units of the intraspecies repulsion, by 1.82 times the square of this ratio. Each density node of an excited state near the trap center raises the threshold further by 1.24 times the cube of this ratio. Because the steps between successive levels scale as the cube of this ratio, they fall as the inverse square of the atom number, and the dependence on the excitation level is a mesoscopic effect, appreciable only when the chemical potential is no more than a few times the oscillator energy. In a hyperfine mixture of $^{87}$Rb a Feshbach resonance tunes the interspecies repulsion across the thresholds of the lowest states.