The massive phase of the two-dimensional Heisenberg model is stable under small anisotropy

Abstract

Polyakov predicted that the classical Heisenberg model on $\mathbb{Z}^2$ has exponentially decaying correlations at every temperature, and a proof of this has recently been posted. We show that the massive phase survives small anisotropy. For every inverse temperature $β$ there is $δ(β)>0$ such that the $S^2$-valued model with couplings $\sum_iJ^iσ_x^iσ_y^i$ has exponentially decaying spin two-point functions, uniformly in finite subgraphs with free boundary conditions and in edge strengths up to $β$, whenever $|J^i-1|\leδ(β)$ for $i=1,2,3$. For the easy-plane model with couplings $σ^xσ^x+σ^yσ^y+λσ^zσ^z$ this shows that the onset of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase, proved by Garban and de Montgolfier for every $λ\in(-1,1)$, moves to zero temperature as $λ\uparrow1$: in free-boundary limits, correlations decay exponentially for every $β\le c |\log(1-λ)|^{1/2}$. The physical prediction is of order $|\log(1-λ)|$. The same holds for aligned single-ion anisotropy, which includes a confining potential $\varepsilon\sum(σ^z)^2$, and for nearly isotropic $O(n)$ models with $n\ge3$. The proof keeps the sign-cluster argument of the isotropic proof, using Ginibre's correlation inequality for anisotropic planar energies, and uses the rotation symmetry only on one finite annulus, where the anisotropy is a bounded perturbation of the Hamiltonian.