Quantum Lower Bounds for Collision Problems

Abstract

We establish tight lower bounds on the adaptive and non-adaptive quantum query complexities of Promised $k$-to-one Finding on an exactly $k$-to-one input string $x\in\mathbb Z_q^n$, for every fixed $k\ge2$ and every feasible alphabet size $q\ge n/k$. The lower bounds are $Ω_k(n^{1/2-1/(2(2^k-1))})$ for unrestricted adaptive algorithms and $Ω_k(n^{1-1/k})$ for one-round non-adaptive algorithms. The former matches the adaptive quantum algorithm of Liu and Zhandry [LZ19], whereas the latter matches classical birthday sampling even when the parallel queries are arbitrarily entangled. We also establish the non-adaptive lower bound $Ω_k(\sqrt{n/k})$ for $k$-to-one Testing when $q\ge n$, resolving an open question posed by Koiran, Landes, Portier, and Yao [KLPY10]. Our proofs generate the balanced input from a uniformly random permutation and use compressed permutation oracles to describe the information learned by the algorithm. The adaptive proof bounds the growth of partial collisions through successive queries. The one-round proof instead analyzes the state after the parallel queries directly, bounding the probability that the compressed database contains a full collision. In both proofs, a short verification step accounts for correct outputs that include unrecorded positions. For the decision problem, we also compare one-round states with independent and distinct output labels.