An entropic barrier to equilibration in the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation: Rigorous bounds for the microcanonical Brownian motion

Abstract

The relaxation of the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation is known to slow down dramatically when the energy density $\varepsilon$ exceeds a critical value $\varepsilon_c$, where the system enters a condensed phase. Replacing the Hamiltonian dynamics by Brownian motion on the microcanonical surface of $N$ sites at fixed mass and energy, we prove rigorous upper and lower bounds on the equilibration time $τ_{\mathrm{eq}}$, which is governed by the first non-zero eigenvalue $λ_1$ of the Laplacian on this surface. In the condensed phase the equilibration time is stretched exponential, not exponential, in the system size. The upper bounds on $λ_1$ come from trial functions: of one occupation for $\varepsilon<\varepsilon_c$, where the problem reduces to a Sturm-Liouville equation, and of two occupations for $\varepsilon>\varepsilon_c$, where they cross the bottleneck through which the condensate moves between sites. The lower bounds on $λ_1$ come from a Bochner-Reilly argument, with a vector field that compensates the concavity of the boundary. As a result, $τ_{\mathrm{eq}}=O(1)$ for $\varepsilon<\varepsilon_c$, while for $\varepsilon>\varepsilon_c$, asymptotically in $N$, $(\sqrt{2}-1)\sqrt{\varepsilon-\varepsilon_c}\leq\lnτ_{\mathrm{eq}}/\sqrt{N}\leq\sqrt{\varepsilon-\varepsilon_c}$. We conjecture that the left-hand bound is sharp and the right-hand one is not.