Resampling-based batch reweighting for ComBat harmonization of MRI radiomic features in a multi-scanner glioma cohort

Abstract

Radiomic features derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are sensitive to scanners; therefore, they require harmonization across scanners. In a radiomic feature dataset, some batches may be severely underrepresented compared to the others e.g., the Erasmus Glioma Database, which may provide harmonized features biased towards the larger batches in the dataset. We investigated whether reweighting underrepresented scanner batches before empirical-Bayes ComBat estimation improves feature harmonization and reduces residual scanner association while retaining grade-related information. In this retrospective, the Erasmus Glioma Database included 733 eligible patients acquired at a single center across nine vendor-by-field-strength configurations. Structural MRI acquired at 1 T, 1.5 T, and 3 T; four structural MRI sequences were analyzed. From four structural MRI sequences, 428 features were computed using an IBSI-compliant PyRadiomics implementation. The sample sizes of some scanner batches were very small compared to others, which may produce unequal precision and shrinkage of batch-effect estimates. We proposed a data augmentation approach to overcome the limitation of ComBat. We provided exploratory evidence, along with confirmatory Kruskal-Wallis tests with a Benjamini-Hochberg correction to assess the proposed method. Before harmonization, 392/428 features (91.6%) differed significantly across scanner batches (median eta-squared=0.463). Standard ComBat reduced this to 13/428 (3.0%), whereas batch-augmented ComBat reduced it to 8/428 (1.9%); the median residual effect size was <0.001 for both harmonized conditions. Batch augmentation appeared to be a useful strategy to improve the performance of ComBat for feature harmonization under severe batch-size imbalance.