First law of thermodynamics for interacting charged black holes and applications

Abstract

We derive a mass variation identity expressing the first law of black hole thermodynamics for asymptotically flat, stationary, axisymmetric Einstein-Maxwell solutions with multiple electrically charged horizons and finite conical axis singularities. Under the stated asymptotic and parameter regularity hypotheses, the identity holds for independent variations of all parameters within families of fixed horizon types. On the all-degenerate family, a correction to the ADM mass defines a scalar function whose derivatives with respect to angular momenta are the horizon angular velocities. At the Majumdar-Papapetrou family, its angular momentum Hessian is positive definite. Combining the first variation identity with a separate theorem on the sign of the conical parameters shows that this Hessian is nondecreasing in the positive-semidefinite order along admissible paths of increasing Weyl gaps at fixed positive charges.