Transformer-guided Variable Projection for Phasor and Fault-Time Estimation Under DDC Offset

Abstract

Decaying DC (DDC) offsets introduce substantial phasor estimation errors during the first post-fault cycle. Recent approaches have sought interpretable waveform representations, but identifying analytical expressions can incur substantial computational costs. This paper proposes a transformer-guided variable-projection estimator that extracts the fundamental phasor, DDC parameters, and fault inception time from point-on-wave (POW) samples as an interpretable analytical expression. An offline-trained transformer provides the signal structure and decay rate, while variable projection refines the parameters and handles windows containing the fault without knowledge of time of fault. Across single- and dual-DDC scenarios with time constants of 2.5--400~ms, the mean maximum overshoot (MO) is at most 2.7% on post-fault windows and 2.2% during online operation, where the DFT reaches 10--14%. The post-fault phasor settles within 5% approximately 12.5~ms after inception. Circuit-level validation on a 230-kV two-source system yields 1.6% mean MO, compared with 9.5% for the DFT.