High-transformer-ratio plasma-based afterburner for extending X-ray free-electron laser photon energies to $\gtrsim$50 keV

Abstract

Bright coherent X-rays in the $\gtrsim$50 keV range are highly desirable for applications in materials science, high-energy-density physics, and nuclear physics, but are difficult to obtain from present X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facilities. Plasma-based afterburners offer a compact route to increasing the electron-beam energy, yet high transformer ratio (TR) operation is vulnerable to hosing instability, which can severely degrade the witness beam quality. We propose using a transversely elliptical driver beam to excite an elliptical nonlinear plasma wake with an axially varying focusing gradient, thereby suppressing the witness beam hosing through betatron decoherence. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that, for a 3 kA driver and a 2.35 kA witness beam with an rms length of 4 $\mathrmμ$m and a beam separation of 94 $\mathrmμ$m (TR $\approx 3$), this scheme can accelerate an 8 GeV witness beam to $\sim30$ GeV while nearly half of the electrons meet the XFEL requirements. Start-to-end simulations show that the resulting beam can drive $\gtrsim50$ keV XFEL radiation with peak powers of $\sim10$ GW and durations of $\sim10$ fs, even when quantum diffusion is included, offering a compact route to extend existing XFEL facilities to higher photon energies.