Quantum Computing for Entanglement Asymmetry and the Quantum Mpemba Effect in Field Theory

Abstract

We construct a quantum measurement protocol for estimating the Rényi entanglement asymmetry, which quantifies symmetry breaking at the level of a subsystem and provides a probe of the quantum Mpemba effect. The protocol combines the SWAP test with a charge-resolving procedure based on randomized symmetry rotations. For a fixed additive accuracy $ε$, the required number of measurements scales as $\mathcal{O}(ε^{-2})$ without explicit dependence on the total system size, making the protocol particularly attractive for quantum many-body systems and lattice quantum field theories. As a representative application, we study the quantum Mpemba effect in the lattice Schwinger model with a $θ$ term using classical state-vector simulations. We further estimate the resources required to implement the protocol on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQCs), and a representative early-FTQC architecture. Our results provide a measurement-efficient framework for investigating anomalous symmetry-restoration dynamics in quantum many-body systems and quantum field theories.