Dual-Mode Extremum Seeking for Diffusion Systems with Boundary-Cost Feedback

Abstract

Thermally tuned devices pose a basic control problem. A heater on one edge of a thin plate must hold a small element at an unknown optimal temperature, and the only signal available is the device's own performance. Boundary measurements of {such} an unknown performance objective can be used to tune a diffusion process without reconstructing its spatial state. This paper studies a dual-mode extremum-seeking controller for this setting, modeled as a semilinear diffusion equation on a square with nonuniform boundary actuation. The implementation contains two scalar states and exploits the leading attenuation and \rev{$π/4$} phase \rev{lag} of the diffusion response, a property shared by every periodically heated surface. It requires neither numerical plant coefficients nor the sign of the input gain. An energy estimate first establishes exponential stability of a coupled linear diffusion and controller model. A local bound on the remaining reaction and cost nonlinearities then yields stability and disturbance estimates for the averaged system. Complete kernel and boundary-trace arguments justify a change of coordinates that compares the implemented and averaged trajectories for all time. The resulting practical stability guarantee concerns the field, input bias, and sensitivity estimate, and is unaffected by a constant cost offset under corresponding filter initialization. At fixed dither amplitude, the residual state bound decreases with the inverse square root of frequency, while the ultimate cost bound decreases with its inverse. A thermal optical-filter example illustrates the predicted trends and the conservatism of the sufficient conditions.