Non-compact Kogut-Susskind gauge theories: 1D lattice models with exact ${\rm SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ gauge invariance

Abstract

The Kogut-Susskind (KS) formulation of gauge theories constructs quantum many-body Hamiltonians with gauge invariance under a compact Lie group exactly implemented on a spatial lattice. Here, we revisit this construction for a non-compact gauge group. Although motivated in part by theories like general relativity whose first-order formulation involves the non-compact Lorentz group as a local symmetry, we focus on simpler cases in one spatial dimension akin to the Schwinger model. In a bottom-up approach, we show how exact gauge invariance under the simplest non-compact Lie group ${\rm SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ can be retained exactly on a 1D lattice, and highlight the differences that arise with respect to compact gauge groups, including a continuous spectrum of the Casimir operators of the gauge fields and the emergence of infinite-dimensional representations of the matter fields. For the pure gauge theory, we discuss how a consistent restriction to the positive semigroup ${\rm SL}^{+}(2,\mathbb{R})$ reproduces well-known results from the quantization of Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity. Motivated by the constraint structure of general dilaton gravity, we introduce static charges coupled to the non-compact gauge field, which can be realised by single-fermion degrees of freedom living in an additional, synthetic dimension. With static charges our lattice model remains exactly integrable, but when extending to dynamical fermionic matter, we arrive at an interacting 1D ${\rm SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ KS gauge theory. We give an interpretation of this model as a chain of charges sequentially connected by strings whose tension pulls matter left or right depending on the sign of the relative continuous ${\rm SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ fluxes. This picture becomes exact when the involved ${\rm SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ charges are strongly self-interacting, where we solve the reduced two-body problem analytically.