GSH 138-01-94, an old supernova remnant in the far outer Galaxy

Abstract

The properties of the Galactic HI shell GSH 138-01-94 are derived from data of the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey. The basic parameters of GSH 138-01-94 were determined by fitting the expansion of a thin shell to the expansion velocity field on the sky. The kinematic distance is 16.6 kpc for v_LSR=-94.2 $\pm$ 0.5 km/s. The radius is 180 $\pm$ 10 pc, the expansion velocity v_exp = 11.8 $\pm$ 0.9 km/s, and the mass 2 * 10^5 M_sun. No radio continuum counterpart of the shell was detected at 21 cm or at 74 cm. Absorption of a background continuum source constrains the spin temperature of \HI in the shell to T_s=230^{367}_{173} K. The expansion age of GSH 138-01-94 is 4.3 Myr. These observables are in excellent agreement with predictions from hydrodynamic models for a supernova remnant in a low-density low-metallicity environment such as the outer Galaxy. GSH 138-01-94 is then the largest and the oldest supernova remnant known. It provides direct evidence for the release of mechanical energy in the interstellar medium by stars in the outer galaxy. It is argued that such old supernova remnants be found in low-density, low-metallicity environments such as the outer Galaxy, dwarf galaxies and low surface brightness galaxies.