Distribution of Circumstellar Disk Masses in the Young Cluster NGC 2024

Abstract

We determine the distribution of circumstellar disk masses in the young (~0.3 Myr) cluster NGC 2024 by imaging a 2.5&#39;x2.5&#39; region in 3mm continuum emission to an RMS noise level of ~0.75 mJy/beam with the Owens Valley Millimeter Array. The mosaic encompasses 147 K-band sources as well as the molecular ridge seen previously in dust continuum emission. We detect 10 point-like sources in 3mm continuum emission above the level of 5-sigma within the unit gain region of the mosaic. One of these sources corresponds to the near-IR source IRS 2, an early B-type star. Two other sources are tentatively associated with low-mass near-IR cluster members, and the remaining 7 sources have no K-band counterparts. Assuming the millimeter continuum point sources represent emission from circumstellar disks and/or envelopes, then ~6% of the total population (infrared and millimeter sources) in the NGC 2024 mosaic has a circumstellar mass in excess of ~0.06 solar masses. We obtain further constraints on the average circumstellar disk mass by considering the mean millimeter continuum flux observed toward a sample of 140 K-band sources that likely have stellar masses <1-2 Msun. While none of these sources are detected individually above the 3-sigma limit of ~0.035 Msun, the ensemble of sources are detected in the mean at the 5-sigma level with a mean disk mass of ~0.005 Msun. Compared to the older (~2 Myr) cluster IC 348, NGC 2024 contains a higher frequency of massive disks/envelopes and has a higher mean disk mass by a factor of 2.5 +/- 1.3 among K-band sources, suggesting that the mean circumstellar mass is decreasing with cluster age. We also compare the results for the NGC 2024 and IC 348 clusters to those for the lower-density Taurus star forming region.