Is it possible to consider Dark Energy and Dark Matter as a same and unique Dark Fluid?

Abstract

In the standard model of cosmology, the present evolution of the Universe is determined by the presence of two components of unknown nature. One of them is referenced as ``dark matter'' to justify the fact that it behaves cosmologically like usual baryonic matter, whereas the other one is called ``dark energy'', which is a component with a negative pressure. As the nature of both dark components remains unknown, it is interesting to consider other models. In particular, it seems that the cosmological observations can also be understood for a Universe which does not contain two fluids of unknown nature, but only one fluid with other properties. To arrive to this conclusion, we will review the observational constraints from supernovae of type Ia, cosmic microwave background, large scale structures, and the theoretical results of big-bang nucleosynthesis. We will try to determine constraints on this unifying ``dark fluid'', and briefly review different possibilities to build models of dark fluid.