The mass loss of C-rich giants

Abstract

(Shortened version): The mass loss rates, expansion velocities and dust-to-gas density ratios from millimetric observations of 119 carbon-rich giants are compared, as functions of stellar parameters, to the predictions of recent hydrodynamical models. Distances and luminosities previously estimated from HIPPARCOS data, masses from pulsations and C/O abundance ratios from spectroscopy, and effective temperatures from a new homogeneous scale, are used. Predicted and observed mass loss rates agree fairly well, as functions of effective temperature.(shortened). Four stars with detached shells, i.e. episodic strong mass loss, and five cool infrared carbon-rich stars with optically-thick dust shells, have mass loss rates much larger than predicted values.(shortened). Recent drift models can contribute to minimize the discrepancy since they include more dust. Simple approximate formulae are proposed.