Spectrum of Cosmic Microwave Fluctuations and the Formation of Galaxies in a Modified Gravity Theory

Abstract

A modified gravity (MOG) possesses a light, neutral vector particle called a ``phion'' associated with a vector field $ϕ^μ$, which forms a cold fluid of Bose-Einstein condensates before recombination with zero pressure and zero shear viscosity. The energy density associated with this Bose-Einstein condensate fluid dominates the energy density before recombination and produces a density parameter, $Ω_ϕ\sim 0.3$, that together with the fractional baryon density $Ω_b\sim 0.04$, and a cosmological constant parameter $Ω_Λ\sim 0.7$ yields an approximate fit to the data for the acoustical oscillations in the CMB power spectrum. The quantum phion condensate fluid is abundant well before recombination and can clump and form the primordial structure for galaxies. At late times in the expanding universe, in local bound systems such as galaxies ordinary baryonic matter dominates the matter density. For galactic systems in the present epoch, the modified Newtonian acceleration law determined by MOG describes well galaxy rotation curve data and X-ray cluster mass profile data.