Hot and Cold Spots in the First plus Second Year COBE/DMR Maps

Abstract

Density perturbations at the decoupling epoch produce angular fluctuations in the temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation that may appear as hot and cold spots. Observational data of the CMB includes instrumental noise in addition to the cosmological signal. One would like to determine which of the observed spots are produced by the noise and which correspond to signal. In this work we first present a statistical analysis of the first plus second year COBE/DMR map at 53 GHz that reveals the presence of cosmological signal in the data. The analysis is based on Harrison-Zeldovich Monte Carlo realizations and utilizes a generalized $χ^2$ statistic. The method is applied to the number of spots and the fraction of the total area that appear above/below a certain value of the dispersion of the noise, including and excluding the quadrupole, giving $Q_{rms-PS}=15^{+3}_{-6}$, $18^{+5}_{-7} μK$ and $Q_{rms-PS}=18^{+3}_{-4}$, $21\pm6 μK$, at the $95\%$ confidence level, respectively. The data taken by the COBE/DMR experiment during the first two years at three different frequencies (31, 53 and 90 GHz) are used to determine which of the spots observed at 53 GHz appear simultaneously in the other two channels. The significance of those spots is determined by comparison of their area and signal-to-noise with noise Monte Carlo simulations. We point out two cold spots and one hot spot at positions $(l,b)\approx (-99^{\circ},57^{\circ}),(-21^{\circ},-45^{\circ}), (-81^{\circ},-33^{\circ})$ respectively, at the $95 \%$ confidence level.