A Multi-Species Model for Hydrogen and Helium Absorbers in Lyman-Alpha Forest Clouds

Abstract

We have performed a multi-species hydrodynamical simulation of the formation and evolution of Lyman alpha clouds in a flat CDM dominated universe with an external flux of ionizing radiation. We solve the fully coupled non-equilibrium rate equations for the following species: H, H^+, H^-, H_2, H_2^+, He, He^+, He^{++}, and e^-. The statistical properties of the distribution and evolution of both hydrogen and helium absorption lines are extracted and compared to observed data. We find excellent agreement for the following neutral hydrogen data: the distribution of column densities is fit well by a power law with exponent beta=1.55 with a possible deficiency of lines above column density 10^{15} cm^{-2}; the integrated distribution matches observed data over a broad range of column densities 10^{13} to 10^{17} cm^{-2}; a Gaussian statistical fit to the Doppler parameter distribution yields a median of 35.6 km s^{-1}; the evolution of the number of clouds with column densities larger than 10^{14} cm^{-2} follows a power law with exponent gamma=2.22. Analogous calculations are presented for HeII absorption lines and we find the ratio of Doppler parameters b_{HeII}/b_{HI} = 0.87. Our data also suggests that Ly$α$ clouds may belong to two morphologically different groups: small column density clouds which tend to reside in sheets or filamental structures and are very elongated and/or flattened, and the large column density clouds which are typically found at the intersections of these caustic structures and are quasi-spherical.