Orthogonality catastrophe and decoherence of a confined Bose-Einstein condensate at finite temperature

Abstract

We discuss mechanisms of decoherence of a confined Bose-Einstein condensate at finite temperatures under the explicit condition of conservation of the total number of bosons $N$ in the trap. A criterion for the irreversible decay of the condensate two-time correlator is formulated in terms of the {\it Orthogonality Catastrophe} (OC) for the exact N-body eigenstates, so that no irreversible decay occurs without the OC. If an infinite external bath contacts a finite condensate, the OC should practically always occur as long as the bath degrees o freedom are interacting with each other. We claim that, if no external bath is present and the role of the bath is played by the normal component, no irreversible decay occurs. We discuss the role of the effect of the {\it level repulsion} in eliminating the OC. At finite temperatures, the time-correlations of the condensate isolated from the environment are dominated by the reversible dephasing which results from the thermal ensemble averaging over realizations of the normal component. Accordingly, the correlator exhibits the gaussian decay with certain decay time $τ_d$ dependent on temperature as well as on intensity of the shot noise determined by the statistical uncertainty in the number of bosons $N$ deposited into the trap. We estimate $τ_d$ for the conditions resembling those realized in the JILA experiment, and obtain the value close to 1s, if no shot noise is taken into account. At temperatures as large as 0.5 of the temperature of the Bose-Einstein condensation, $τ_d \leq 100$ms. Depending on the variance $ΔN$ of $N$, inclusion of the shot noise may shorten these times.