Vertically shaken column of spheres. Onset of fluidization

Abstract

The onset of surface fluidization of granular material in a vertically vibrated container, z=A cos(ωt), is studied experimentally. Recently, for a column of spheres it has been theoretically found that the particles lose contact if a certain condition for the acceleration amplitude \ddot{z} \equiv Aω^2/g = f(ω) holds. This result is in disagreement with other findings where the criterion \ddot{z}=\ddot{z}_{crit}=const. was found to be the criterion of fluidization. We show that for a column of spheres a critical acceleration is not a proper criterion for fluidization and compare the results with theory.