Limitations in cooling electrons by normal metal - superconductor tunnel junctions
J. P. Pekola, T. T. Heikkila, A. M. Savin, J. T. Flyktman, F. Giazotto, F. W. J. Hekking
Abstract
We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally two limiting factors in cooling electrons using biased tunnel junctions to extract heat from a normal metal into a superconductor. Firstly, when the injection rate of electrons exceeds the internal relaxation rate in the metal to be cooled, the electrons do no more obey the Fermi-Dirac distribution, and the concept of temperature cannot be applied as such. Secondly, at low bath temperatures, states within the gap induce anomalous heating and yield a theoretical limit of the achievable minimum temperature.
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