Intrinsic dephasing in one dimensional ultracold atom interferometers

Abstract

Quantum phase fluctuations play a crucial role in low dimensional systems. In particular they prevent true long range phase order from forming in one dimensional condensates, even at zero temperature. Nevertheless, by dynamically splitting the condensate into two parallel decoupled tubes, a macroscopic relative phase, can be imposed on the system. This kind of setup can serve as a matter wave interferometer, which relies on the interference between the displaced condensates as a measure of the relative phase between them. Here we show how the quantum phase fluctuations, which are so effective in equilibrium, act to destroy the macroscopic relative phase that was imposed as a non equilibrium initial condition of the interferometer. We show that the phase coherence between the two condensates decays exponentially with a dephasing time that depends on intrinsic parameters: the dimensionless interaction strength, sound velocity and density. Interestingly, at low temperatures the dephasing time is almost independent of temperature. At temperatures higher than a crossover scale T* dephasing gains significant temperature dependance. In contrast to the usual phase diffusion, which is essentially an effect of confinement, the dephasing due to fluctuations in one dimension is a bulk effect that survives the thermodynamic limit.