Shiva diagrams for composite-boson many-body effects : How they work

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to show how the diagrammatic expansion in fermion exchanges of scalar products of $N$-composite-boson (``coboson'') states can be obtained in a practical way. The hard algebra on which this expansion is based, will be given in an independent publication. Due to the composite nature of the particles, the scalar products of $N$-coboson states do not reduce to a set of Kronecker symbols, as for elementary bosons, but contain subtle exchange terms between two or more cobosons. These terms originate from Pauli exclusion between the fermionic components of the particles. While our many-body theory for composite bosons leads to write these scalar products as complicated sums of products of ``Pauli scatterings'' between \emph{two} cobosons, they in fact correspond to fermion exchanges between any number P of quantum particles, with $2 \leq P\leq N$. These $P$-body exchanges are nicely represented by the so-called ``Shiva diagrams'', which are topologically different from Feynman diagrams, due to the intrinsic many-body nature of Pauli exclusion from which they originate. These Shiva diagrams in fact constitute the novel part of our composite-exciton many-body theory which was up to now missing to get its full diagrammatic representation. Using them, we can now ``see'' through diagrams the physics of any quantity in which enters $N$ interacting excitons -- or more generally $N$ composite bosons --, with fermion exchanges included in an \emph{exact} -- and transparent -- way.