Density Patterns in Granular Media
G. Ristow, H. J. Herrmann
Abstract
Recent experiments by Baxter et al. showed the existence of density waves in granular material flowing out of a hopper. We show, using Molecular Dynamics Simulations, that this effect is a consequence of static friction and find that these density fluctuations follow a 1/f spectrum. The effect is enhanced when the opening angle of the hopper decreases.
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