Anomalous density dependence of static friction in sand
Abstract
We measured experimentally the static friction force Fs on the surface of a glass rod immersed in dry sand. We observed that Fs is extremely sensitive to the closeness of packing of grains. A linear increase of the grain-density yields to an exponentially increasing friction force. We also report on a novel periodicity of Fs during gradual pulling out of the rod. Our observations demonstrate the central role of grain bridges and arches in the macroscopic properties of granular packings.
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