Monadic Datalog and the Expressive Power of Languages for Web Information Extraction

Abstract

Research on information extraction from Web pages (wrapping) has seen much activity recently (particularly systems implementations), but little work has been done on formally studying the expressiveness of the formalisms proposed or on the theoretical foundations of wrapping. In this paper, we first study monadic datalog over trees as a wrapping language. We show that this simple language is equivalent to monadic second order logic (MSO) in its ability to specify wrappers. We believe that MSO has the right expressiveness required for Web information extraction and propose MSO as a yardstick for evaluating and comparing wrappers. Along the way, several other results on the complexity of query evaluation and query containment for monadic datalog over trees are established, and a simple normal form for this language is presented. Using the above results, we subsequently study the kernel fragment Elog$^-$ of the Elog wrapping language used in the Lixto system (a visual wrapper generator). Curiously, Elog$^-$ exactly captures MSO, yet is easier to use. Indeed, programs in this language can be entirely visually specified.