Contraction and distension by tidal stress and its role as the cause of the Hubble redshift

Abstract

I show that a cumulative contraction or expansion must result from repetitive tidal action in a curved stress field, depending on the direction of the curvature. The resulting expansion of solid materials onboard deep space probes and the corresponding contraction on earth would be of the right magnitude to account for all aspects of the Pioneer anomaly, leading to the two component model previously proposed. Importantly, I show via signal path analysis that the anomaly mathematically implies planetary Hubble flow, and that it is predicted by the standard model equations when the cosmological constant is also taken into account at this range. Also shown is that the variations of the anomaly do not permit a different explanation. The prediction of the Hubble flow occurring as a result in the view of the shrinking observer is now fully explained from both quantum and Doppler perspectives, fundamentally challenging the cosmological ideas of the past century. Lastly, I discuss how the contraction reconciles the geological evidence of a past expansion of the earth.