Cold Scalar-Tensor Black Holes: Causal Structure, Geodesics, Stability

Abstract

We study the structure and stability of spherically symmetric Brans-Dicke black-hole type solutions with an infinite horizon area and zero Hawking temperature, existing for negative values of the coupling constant $ω$. These solutions split into two classes, depending on finite (B1) or infinite (B2) proper time needed for an infalling particle to reach the horizon. Class B1 metrics can be extended through the horizon only for discrete values of mass and scalar charge, depending on two integers m and n. For even m-n, the space-time is globally regular; for odd m, the metric changes its signature on the horizon but remains Lorentzian. Geodesics are smoothly continued across the horizon, but for odd m timelike geodesics become spacelike and vice versa. Causality problems, arising in some cases, are discussed. Tidal forces are shown to grow infinitely near type B1 horizons. All vacuum static, spherically symmetric solutions of the Brans-Dicke theory with $ω<-3/2$ are found to be linearly stable against spherical perturbations. This result extends to the generic case of the Bergmann-Wagoner class of scalar-tensor theories with the coupling function $ω(ϕ) < -3/2$.