Penguins and Mixing Dependent CP Violation

Abstract

Constraints on angles of Unitarity triangle are reviewed, and in particular constraint on $γ$ from limit on $Δm_s$ is emphasized. Effects of penguin diagram on measurement of $β$ and $α$ are then reviewed. New measurements on $B \to π^+π^-$ in QCD improved factorization approximation suggest large penguin effects. It is possible to estimate the error in measurement of $α$ as a function of $γ$ for different $|V_{ub} /V_{cb}|$ values.