Astrophysical Bounds on Milli-Charged Particles in Models with a Paraphoton
Abstract
The upper bound on the number of relativistic species present at nucleosynthesis has been used to constrain particles with electric charge ε e (10-8 < ε <1). We correct the bound previously calculated for milli-charged particles that interact with a shadow photon. We also discuss the additional constraints from the properties of red giants and of Supernova 1987A.
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