Solitons with integer fermion number
Alfred S. Goldhaber
Abstract
Necessary and sufficient conditions are found for any object in 3+1 dimensions to have integer rather than fractional fermion number. Nontrivial examples include the Jackiw-Rebbi monopole and the already well studied Su-Schrieffer-Heeger soliton, both displaying integer multiples of elementary charges in combinations that normally are forbidden.
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