Valley Instanton versus Constrained Instanton

Abstract

Based on the new valley equation, we propose the most plausible method for constructing instanton-like configurations in the theory where the presence of a mass scale prevents the existence of the classical solution with a finite radius. We call the resulting instanton-like configuration as valley instanton. The detail comparison between the valley instanton and the constrained instanton in $ϕ^4$ theory and the gauge-Higgs system are carried out. For instanton-like configurations with large radii, there appear remarkable differences between them. These differences are essential in calculating the baryon number violating processes with multi bosons.