Bifurcation in two-dimensional fixed point subspaces

Abstract

Bifurcation with symmetry is considered in the case of an isotropy subgroup with a two-dimensional fixed point subspace and non-zero quadratic terms. In general, there are one or three branches of solutions, and five qualitatively different phase portraits, provided that two non-degeneracy conditions are satisfied. Conditions are also derived to determine which of the five possible phase portraits occurs, given the coefficients of the quadratic terms. The results are applied to the problem of bifurcation with spherical symmetry, where there are six irreducible representations for which the subspace of solutions with cubic symmetry is two-dimensional. In each case, the number of solutions and their stability is found.