Stress-free BCS pairing in color superconductors is impossible

Abstract

Cold, asymptotically dense three-flavor quark matter is in the color-flavor locked (CFL) phase, in which all quarks pair in a particularly symmetric fashion. At smaller densities, taking into account a nonzero strange quark mass and electric and color neutrality, the CFL phase requires pairing of quarks with mismatched Fermi momenta. We present a classification of all other possible, less symmetric, pairing patterns and prove that none of them can avoid this mismatch. This result suggests unconventional, e.g., spatially inhomogeneous, superconducting phases for moderate densities.